ʻO Ergothioneine, he lio ʻeleʻele i ke ao kūʻē i ka ʻelemakule 

Ua hoʻokaʻawale mua ʻia ʻo Ergothioneine (EGT) mai ka ergot fungi e ka mea ʻepekema Charles Tanret i ka makahiki 1909, no laila kona inoa. He ʻakika amino maoli ia i hoʻolaha nui ʻia i loko o nā haʻi, kekahi mau mea kanu, a me nā holoholona. Ma ka ʻai kanaka, ʻo nā haloʻo, nā kīʻaha, a me kekahi mau meaʻai kai ke kumu nui. Me ka noiʻi hohonu e ka ʻepekema hou, ua ʻike mālie nā hopena kupaianaha o ka ergothioneine.

Nā loina kūʻē i ka wā kahiko a me nā ʻano hana

Nā hopena antioxidant pālua

Hoʻopau pololei i nā radical manuahi: Hiki iā EGT ke hoʻopau koke i nā ʻano ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS) a me nā ʻano nitrogen reactive (RNS), me ka superoxide anion (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), a me singlet oxygen (¹O₂). Ua hōʻoia piha ʻia kēia hopena scavenging pololei i nā hoʻokolohua in vitro.

Nā pono hoʻohālikelike

Hoʻoponopono i ka ʻōnaehana pale antioxidant: Hoʻoponopono ʻo EGT i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā genes antioxidant downstream (e like me HO-1, NQO1, SOD, a me CAT) ma ka hoʻāla ʻana i ke ala hōʻailona KEAP1-NRF2. Hoʻoponopono ʻia ka unuhi nuklea o NRF2 e nā ala hōʻailona PI3K/AKT a me PKC, a hiki i ka EGT ke hāpai i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me ka unuhi nuklea o NRF2 ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka sensor thiol o KEAP1.

Hana Palekana ma Genome Stability

Hoʻemi i ka pōʻino DNA: ʻAʻole maikaʻi ʻo EGT i ka hōʻino ʻana o ROS- a me RNS-i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka DNA, ʻoi loa ma ka mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina e hōʻike ana nā cell i nele i nā transporters EGT i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻino DNA.

Hoʻolaha i ka hoʻoponopono DNA: ʻAʻole ʻo EGT e hoʻopaʻa wale i ka radiation ultraviolet (UV) akā hoʻoikaika pū kekahi i ka hoʻoponopono DNA ma hope o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o UV, e pale ana i nā ʻili mai ka photodamage.

Hoʻoponopono i nā hoʻololi Epigenetic

Hoʻopili i ka Synthesis o ka Methyl Donor SAM: EGT pili ʻole i ka loaʻa ʻana o S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pae glutathione (GSH), a laila hoʻoponopono i ka hana o DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) a me histone methyltransferases (HMTs).

Ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis hao hao manuahi: mālama ʻo EGT i ka homeostasis hao manuahi ma o ka scavenging ROS, pēlā e hōʻoia ai i ka hana o nā demethylases (e like me TET a me JmjC).

Nā pilina me ke ala hōʻailona Sirtuin:

Hoʻoponopono i ka ʻōlelo SIRT1/SIRT6: Hoʻopaneʻe ʻo EGT i ka senescence cell endothelial a hoʻoulu i ka necrotizing apoptosis i loko o nā maʻi maʻi maʻi colorectal ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻōlelo o SIRT1 a me SIRT6.

Ka mālama ʻana i nā pae NAD⁺: Hoʻonui ʻo EGT i ka hana Sirtuin ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kūlana redox cellular a mālama i ka ratio NAD⁺/NADH.

Hoʻomākaukau Mʻano hana

Keʻano unuhi maoli:

Loaʻa ka EGT i loko o nā huahana kūlohelohe e like me nā haʻani hiki ke ʻai, ergot, cereals, a me nā ʻiʻo holoholona. He kiʻekiʻe ka EGT maʻiʻo ʻai nā haʻiki a he kumu nui ia o EGT.

Eia nō naʻe, haʻahaʻa loa ka maʻiʻo EGT o nā huahana kūlohelohe, e koi ana i ka nui o nā mea maka no ka unuhi ʻana, e hopena i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā pilikia e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o nā haumia a me nā koena o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i nā mea maka e kaupalena ʻia ai ka noi ʻoihana o nā ʻano hana ʻokiʻoki kūlohelohe.

ʻO ke ʻano hana hoʻokalakupua: Hoʻohana ka hoʻohui kemika kuʻuna o EGT i ka histidine ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaka, synthesizing EGT i loko o ka wai wai ma o nā ʻanuʻu he nui me ka thiolation, thioprotection, methylation, a me ka deprotection. ʻO kēia ala he ala synthetic lōʻihi a me nā hua haʻahaʻa. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻohālike nā haʻawina i nā ala biosynthetic e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka synthesis kemika o EGT. Eia kekahi laʻana,ʻo Erdelmeier et al. ua hoʻohana i ka histidine betaine, cysteine, a me ka mercaptopropionic acid e like me nā mea hoʻomaka e synthesize EGT me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hopena hoʻokahi-pota maʻalahi, e pale ana i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā hui thioprotective, pōkole i ke ala synthetic, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hua.

ʻO ka synthesis kemika kekahi mau pilikia. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka chirality o ka α-carbon i loko o ka hui carboxyl e alakaʻi maʻalahi i ka racemization ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic a i ʻole alkaline, e paʻakikī ai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka EGT maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o nā mea maka i koi ʻia no ka synthesis kemika, paʻakikī ka mea hoʻomaka 2-mercaptoimidazole e hoʻomākaukau, a paʻakikī hoʻi ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka huahana. No laila, pono nā mea noiʻi e hoʻonui a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano hana synthesis kemika e hoʻokō i nā pono o ka hana ʻoihana nui.

ʻO ka fermentation microbial: Loaʻa ka loaʻa ʻana o ka EGT ma o ka biosynthesis e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lako maka a me nā kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, a ua lilo ia i kumu nui no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka EGT i nā makahiki i hala. Ma ke ʻano, aia ʻo EGT ma nā ala ʻelua: biosynthesis aerobic a me biosynthesis anaerobic.

Aerobic Biosynthesis o EGT

Nui nā haʻawina i wehewehe i ke kaʻina biosynthetic o EGT. ʻO ke kumu, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ala biosynthetic aerobic o EGT i nā ala bacteria a me fungal. Seebeck et al. wehewehe a hana hou i ke ala biosynthetic aerobic o EGT in vitro i Mycobacterium smegmatis, e ʻike ana i ʻelima mau genes i komo i ke ala: EgtA, EgtB, EgtC, EgtD, a me EgtE. Hoʻopili kēia mau genes i ka glutamylcysteine ​​​​synthase (EgtA), Fe2 + -dependent oxidase (EgtB), gamma-glutamyl transferase (EgtC), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) -dependent histidine methyltransferase (EgtD), a me ka pyridoxal phosphate-dependent C-S lyase (E. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻopili ʻo EgtA i ka condensation o ka glutamate a me ka cysteine ​​​​e hana i ka γ-glutamylcysteine; Hoʻopili ʻo EgtB i ka hui ʻana o ka oxidative i mua o ka oxygen a me ka ferrous sulfate, e hoʻohui ana i kahi hui thiol mai γ-glutamylcysteine ​​​​i ke kaulahao ʻaoʻao o ka histidine betaine (synthesized mai histidine a me SAM catalyzed e EgtD); Hoʻopili ʻo EgtC i ka hana hou ʻana o ka histidine betaine cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide; ʻO ka hope, hoʻopau ʻo EgtE i ka lawe ʻana i ka pyruvate a me ka amonia e hoʻohua i ka EGT.

Ma ke ala biosynthetic fungal, EGT ka mea nui e pili ana i ʻelua synthase genes, Egt1 a me Egt2. ʻO Bello et al. ua ʻike ʻia kahi synthase kikoʻī, NcEgt1, ma *Neurospora crassa*, aia nā kāʻei kapu e like me nā mea ma *Mycobacterium smegmatis*'s EgtB a me EgtD. Hoʻokomo ʻo Egt1 i kahi hopena catalytic ʻelua-ʻanuʻu: ʻo ka mea mua, hoʻololi ia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka histidine i ka histidine betaine, a laila hoʻopili ia i ka hui pū ʻana o ka histidine betaine a me ka cysteine ​​​​e hana i ka histidine betaine cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide. E like me EgtE, Egt2 hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o EGT mai histidine, betaine, a me ka cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi, no ka mea ʻelua wale nā ​​enzyme i komo, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke ala biosynthetic o EGT i loko o nā haʻi ma mua o ka maʻi bacteria.

Anaerobic Biosynthesis o EGT

Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi biosynthesis anaerobic o EGT i loko o kahi huakini lepo anaerobic (Chlorobium limicola), kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka biosynthesis EGT ma o ka hopena ʻelua ʻanuʻu kūʻokoʻa i ka oxygen. Burn et al. ʻike ʻia ka methyltransferase (EanA) a me ka sulfotransferase (EanB) i loko o kēia maʻi maʻi lepo anaerobic. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi, hoʻolalelale ʻo EanA i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka histidine i histidine betaine, a laila EanB, ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic, hoʻololi i kahi ʻātoma sulfur i ke apo imidazole o ka histidine betaine e hoʻohua ai i ka EGT. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke ala biosynthesis anaerobic, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā helu catalytic o EanA a me EanB ma mua o ko EgtD a me EgtB i ke ala biosynthesis aerobic. No laila, ʻo ke ala biosynthesis aerobic ke ʻano nui o ka biosynthesis EGT.

Nā manaʻo noi

Loaʻa iā Ergothioneine nā waiwai antioxidant ikaika a me nā waiwai anti-aging, a loaʻa iā ia nā manaʻo noiʻi ākea i ka meaʻai, nā mea hoʻonaninani, nā meaʻai hana, a me nā ʻoihana biopharmaceutical. ʻO kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka nani a me ka ʻili mālama ʻili he mea koʻikoʻi ia, e lilo ia i mea koʻikoʻi i nā huahana anti-aging.

ʻO kāna mau pono nui he:

1. Antioxidant a me Anti-aging: ʻO ka mana antioxidant ikaika o Ergothioneine e hakakā pono i nā radical manuahi, hoʻemi i ka pōʻino oxidative i nā ʻili ʻili, hoʻopaneʻe i ka ʻelemakule o ka ʻili, a hoʻemi i nā wrinkles a me ka haʻalulu.
2. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i kahi kiko: pale i ka hana melanin a me ka waiho ʻana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pigmentation a me ka dullness, a hoʻomālamalama i ka ʻili o ka ʻili.
3. Anti-inflammatory and Soothing: Hoʻemi i ka ʻili ʻili, hoʻomaha maikaʻi i ka ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻili, hoʻoikaika i ka pale pale o ka ʻili, a hoʻonui i kona kūpaʻa.
4. Moisturizing a hoʻoponopono: Hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hana pale o ka ʻili, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hydration o ka ʻili, a hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻoponopono a me ka hana hou ʻana o ka ʻili i pōʻino.
5. Photoprotection and Protection against UV Damage: Ultraviolet radiation ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka ʻelemakule o ka ʻili. Hiki i ka Ergothioneine ke hōʻemi i ka pōʻino o ka ʻili i hana ʻia e ka radiation ultraviolet, pale i ka ʻili mai ka photoaging, a hāʻawi i ka pale pono o ka lā.

Hōʻuluʻulu

ʻO Ergothioneine, me kāna mea hana antioxidant kūʻokoʻa a me ka laulā o nā noi, ke hoʻololi hou nei i ka ʻoihana anti-aging. Me nā holomua i ka biology synthetic a me ka noiʻi hoʻokolohua hohonu, hiki ke lilo i hoʻokahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi no ka lohi ʻana i ka ʻelemakule a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ke ola. No nā mea kūʻai aku, ʻo ke koho ʻana i nā huahana ergothioneine maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻepekema he kī nui i ka hakakā ʻana i nā hopena o ka manawa.