Ka nānā hohonu ʻana o ka superoxide dismutase (SOD): ʻO ke kino ponoʻī "mākua antioxidant" 

Ke kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka ʻelemakule a me ke olakino, lohe pinepine mākou i ka huaʻōlelo "antioxidant." Akā, ua ʻike anei ʻoe he ʻōnaehana pale antioxidant maʻalahi ko mākou kino, a ʻo ka superoxide dismutase (SOD) kahi lālā kumu o kēia ʻōnaehana? Hana ʻo ia e like me ka "free radical scavenger," e pale mau ana i kā mākou mau cell mai ka pōʻino oxidative. I kēia lā, e nānā pono kākou i kēia "mākua anti-aging."

Ka Hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā Radical Free: ʻO nā "Pepehi ʻike ʻole" o nā Pūnaewele

Ma mua o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana iā SOD, pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo mua i kāna pahuhopu nui - nā radical manuahi.

ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo nā radical manuahi he mau molekala paʻa ʻole i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka metabolism o ke kino, a ʻo nā radical anion superoxide (O₂⁻) ke ʻano maʻamau a ʻino.

Hana ʻia nā radical anion Superoxide ma o nā ala he nui: ua hana maoli ʻia lākou i ka manawa o ka hanu mitochondrial, a ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ko lākou mau pae e ka haumia o ke kaiapuni, ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic radiation (e like me ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea uila), hoʻoikaika ikaika, ke kaumaha noʻonoʻo, a me nā ʻano nohona maikaʻi ʻole e like me ka puhi a me ka inu ʻona.

Loaʻa kēia mau radical manuahi i nā electrons i hui ʻole ʻia a ʻoi loa ka reactive, e hana ana e like me "nā pōā" e ʻaihue i nā electrons mai nā cell maʻamau, e alakaʻi ana i ka pōʻino o ka membrane cell, nā hoʻololi DNA, a me ka denaturation protein.

Ua kapa ʻia kēia pōʻino cell i nā radical manuahi ʻo "oxidative stress," a e like me nā ʻōpala metala, ʻo kā mākou mau cell e "makahiki" mālie i kēia kaʻina hana.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e pili pono ana ke koʻikoʻi oxidative i ka hiki ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi he nui, e like me ka ʻelemakule, ka maʻi ʻāʻī, nā maʻi cardiovascular, nā maʻi neurodegenerative, a me ke kanesa.

SOD: ʻO ka "laina mua o ka pale" o ka ʻōnaehana antioxidant o ke kino.

ʻO ka Superoxide dismutase (SOD) he metalloenzyme antioxidant i loaʻa i nā mea ola a loaʻa iā ia ka hana koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi.

ʻO kāna hana nui, ʻo ia ka catalyze i ka disproportionation reaction o superoxide anion radicals (.O2-), e hoʻohuli iā lākou i hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) a me oxygen (O2).  Hoʻopau hou ʻia ka hydrogen peroxide i loko o ka wai ʻino ʻole e nā enzyme antioxidant ʻē aʻe (e like me ka catalase a me ka glutathione peroxidase), pēlā e hoʻopau ai i nā radical manuahi a pale i nā cell mai ka pōʻino oxidative.

He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka SOD i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pale ʻana o ke kanaka, a he hana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi i nā hana anti-aging, anti-tumor, a me nā anti-inflammatory.

SOD: ʻO ka mea kūʻē i ka wā kahiko, kahi ʻike hoʻololi honua.

Ua ʻike mua ʻia a aʻo ʻia ʻo SOD e nā ʻepekema i nā makahiki 1930. I ka makahiki 1938, ʻo Michael McCord, ka loea biomolecular ʻAmelika, ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Fredrick Fridovich, ua hoʻopuka maikaʻi ʻo ia i ka superoxide dismutase (SOD) mai nā pūpū koko ʻulaʻula no ka manawa mua. I ka makahiki 1988, ʻekolu mau kānaka ʻepekema kaulana-Ferid Murad, Robert Furchgott, a me Louis Ignarro, ka mea i lanakila ma hope i ka Nobel Prize in Medicine-i hoʻolaha ʻia i ka honua:

"ʻO ka hemahema a me ka emi ʻana o ka hana o SOD ke kumu kumu o ka ʻelemakule, ka maʻi, a me ka make.

Ma muli o ka ion metala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ko lākou kahua paʻa, ua māhele nui ʻia nā SOD i ʻehā mau ʻāpana:

Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka SOD

Cu/Zn-SOD: Polū-'ōmaʻomaʻo i ka waihoʻoluʻu, ʻike nui ʻia i loko o ka cytoplasm o nā cell eukaryotic, a ʻo ia ke ʻano hoʻolaha nui loa o SOD. ʻO ka SOD i loko o ke koko ʻulaʻula kanaka a me nā pūnaʻi ate ka nui o kēia ʻano.

Mn-SOD: ʻulaʻula i ke kala, ʻike nui ʻia i ka mitochondria o nā prokaryotes a me nā eukaryotes, a he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka mālama ʻana i ka hana mitochondrial.

Fe-SOD: Melemele-ʻeleʻele ka waihoʻoluʻu, ʻike mua ʻia ma *Escherichia coli*, a loaʻa nui i loko o nā pūnaewele prokaryotic a me nā chloroplasts o kekahi mau mea kanu.

Ni-SOD: ʻEmerald ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka waihoʻoluʻu, ʻike nui ʻia i nā meaola haʻahaʻa e like me ka cyanobacteria, nā limu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me *Streptomyces*.

Nā kumu a me nā ʻano huahana o SOD

Loaʻa ka SOD kūlohelohe i nā holoholona, nā mea kanu, a me nā microorganisms, akā ʻo ka unuhi pololei ʻana ke alo i nā pilikia e like me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka maikaʻi ʻole. I kēia manawa, loaʻa nā huahana SOD i kūʻai ʻia mai nā kumu aʻe:

Nā kumu holoholona: Ua lawe ʻia nā huahana mua mai ke koko o nā holoholona e like me ka pipi a me nā hipa (Cu/Zn-SOD). Eia nō naʻe, he paona molekala nui kēia mau huahana a ua maʻalahi hoʻi e wāwahi ʻia e ka waika o ka ʻōpū ke lawe waha ʻia.  Eia kekahi, hiki i nā mea i loaʻa i nā holoholona ke hoʻoulu i nā allergies a lawe i nā pathogens.

Nā kumu mea kanu: Wehe ʻia mai kekahi mau mea kanu (e like me ka sea buckthorn a me ka spirulina), akā hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kā lākou hana e ka ʻili a me nā kūlana mālama, a ua maʻalahi lākou e wāwahi ʻia e nā enzyme digestive ke lawe waha ʻia, e hopena i ka bioavailability haʻahaʻa.  He kiʻekiʻe nā kumukūʻai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i kekahi mau kumu a i ʻole i loaʻa i ka nui o nā haumia i loaʻa i ka mea kanu.

ʻO ka microbial fermentation (ʻoi aku ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bacteria genetically engineered recombinant) ua lilo i ʻano hana koʻikoʻi no ka hana SOD pāʻoihana, me nā pōmaikaʻi nui:

Palekana a me ka pilikia ʻole: ʻAʻole loa ia i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i nā pathogen (e like me ka maʻi pipi pupule) a me nā pilikia immunogenic o nā kumu holoholona (e like me ke koko bipi), e hōʻoia ana i ka palekana kiʻekiʻe loa.

ʻO nā hua kiʻekiʻe a me nā kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa: Ma o ka ʻenehana ʻenekinia genetic, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā bacteria engineered e like me E. coli a me ka hū e hōʻike pono i nā ʻano SOD i loaʻa i ke kanaka. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hua ma mua o ka lawe ʻana i nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu, e hōʻemi nui ana i nā kumukūʻai hana.

ʻO ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi paʻa: Hana ʻia i loko o nā pahu fermentation paʻa, sterile, hiki ke hoʻomalu a maʻalahi ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i lalo. ʻO ka huahana hope loa ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi kūlike ma waena o nā pūʻulu.

ʻAʻohe hoʻopaʻapaʻa etika: ʻAʻole pili ke kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa i ka luku holoholona a i ʻole ka luku nui ʻana i nā mea kanu, e hoʻokō ana i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā koi pono o ka pono holoholona.

Nā ʻano huahana SOD

Hoʻomākaukau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia: Hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā lāʻau lapaʻau no ka mālama ʻana i ka osteoarthritis, radiation sickness, etc.

Hoʻomākaukau waha: Me nā capsules, lozenges, etc., hoʻohana kekahi mau huahana i ka nanotechnology a i ʻole glycosylation hoʻololi e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka bioavailability.

Nā mea hoʻohui nani: Hoʻohana ʻia no kā lākou waiwai antioxidant e hoʻopaneʻe i ka ʻelemakule ʻili. Hiki ke "miniaturized" ka SOD recombinant ma o ka ʻenekinia genetic, e maʻalahi ke komo i ka stratum corneum o ka ʻili a hoʻoikaika i nā hopena antioxidant hohonu.

Nā meaʻai olakino: Hoʻohui ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea antioxidant i nā meaʻai olakino like ʻole. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo SOD fermentation microbial i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pauka protein, probiotics, a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe ma muli o kona kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa a me ka palekana kiʻekiʻe.