Ergothioneine, doki mai duhu a cikin duniyar anti-tsufa 

Masanin kimiyya Charles Tanret ya keɓe Ergothioneine (EGT) da farko daga ergot fungi a cikin 1909, saboda haka sunansa. Samfurin amino acid ne da ke faruwa a zahiri wanda aka rarraba a cikin fungi, wasu tsire-tsire, da dabbobi. A cikin abincin ɗan adam, namomin kaza, hatsi, da wasu abincin teku sune tushen sa. Tare da zurfin bincike na kimiyyar zamani, abubuwan ban mamaki na ergothioneine sun fito a hankali a hankali.

Ka'idodin rigakafin tsufa da hanyoyin aiki

Dual antioxidant effects

Kai tsaye ɓata radicals: EGT na iya hanzarta kawar da nau'ikan iskar oxygen daban-daban (ROS) da nau'in nitrogen mai amsawa (RNS), gami da anion superoxide (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydroxyl radicals (· OH), da oxygen singlet (¹O₂). An tabbatar da wannan tasirin kai tsaye a cikin gwaje-gwajen in vitro.

Amfanin kwatance

Tsarin tsarin kariya na antioxidant: EGT yana haɓaka bayanin kwayoyin halittar antioxidant na ƙasa (kamar HO-1, NQO1, SOD, da CAT) ta hanyar kunna hanyar siginar KEAP1-NRF2. An tsara fassarar nukiliya ta NRF2 ta hanyar PI3K/AKT da PKC hanyoyin sigina, kuma EGT na iya inganta ƙaddamarwa da makaman nukiliya na NRF2 ta hanyar daidaita ma'anar thiol na KEAP1.

Matsayin Kariya a Tsarin Halitta

Rage lalacewar DNA: EGT yadda ya kamata ya hana ROS- da RNS lalacewa DNA, musamman a cikin DNA mitochondrial (mtDNA). Nazarin ya nuna cewa ƙwayoyin da ba su da masu jigilar EGT suna nuna manyan matakan lalacewar DNA.

Haɓaka Gyaran DNA: EGT ba kawai yana ɗaukar hasken ultraviolet (UV) ba amma yana inganta gyaran DNA bayan hasken UV, yana kare ƙwayoyin fata daga lalacewa.

Dokokin gyare-gyaren Epigenetic

Tasirin Maganar Methyl Donor SAM: EGT a kaikaice yana rinjayar samuwan S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) ta hanyar daidaita matakan glutathione (GSH), ta haka yana daidaita ayyukan DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) da histone methyltransferases (HMTs).

Kula da Iron Ion Homeostasis na Kyauta: EGT yana kula da ion homeostasis na ƙarfe kyauta ta hanyar lalata ROS, don haka tabbatar da ayyukan demethylases (kamar TETs da JmjC).

Ma'amala tare da hanyar siginar Sirtuin:

Ƙaddamar da magana ta SIRT1 / SIRT6: EGT yana jinkirta jinkirin kwayar halitta ta endothelial kuma yana haifar da apoptosis necrotizing a cikin kwayoyin ciwon daji na launi ta hanyar haɓaka bayanin SIRT1 da SIRT6.

Kula da matakan NAD⁺: EGT yana haɓaka ayyukan Sirtuin ta hanyar daidaita yanayin redox na salula da kiyaye ƙimar NAD⁺/NADH.

Shiri Mdabi'a

Hanyar Hakar Halitta:

Ana samun EGT a cikin samfuran halitta kamar fungi masu cin abinci, ergot, hatsi, da kyallen dabbobi. Fungi masu cin abinci suna da babban abun ciki na EGT kuma sune mahimman tushen EGT.

Koyaya, abun ciki na EGT na samfuran halitta gabaɗaya yayi ƙasa sosai, yana buƙatar babban adadin albarkatun ƙasa don hakar, yana haifar da tsadar hakar. Bugu da ƙari kuma, batutuwa kamar manyan matakan ƙazanta da ragowar ƙwayoyi a cikin albarkatun ƙasa suna iyakance aikace-aikacen masana'antu na hanyoyin hakar samfur na halitta.

Hanyar Haɗin Sinanci: Tsarin sinadarai na gargajiya na EGT yana amfani da histidine azaman kayan farawa, yana haɗa EGT a cikin maganin ruwa ta hanyar matakai da yawa ciki har da thiolation, thioprotection, methylation, da deprotection. Wannan hanya tana da doguwar hanya ta roba da ƙarancin amfanin ƙasa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, karatu sun kwaikwayi hanyoyin biosynthetic don inganta haɓakar sinadarai na EGT. Alal misali, Erdelmeier et al. ya yi amfani da betaine na histidine, cysteine, da mercaptopropionic acid a matsayin kayan farawa don haɗa EGT ta amfani da sauƙaƙan amsawar tukunya ɗaya, guje wa shigar da ƙungiyoyin thioprotective, rage hanyar roba, da haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa.

Haɗin sinadarai kuma yana gabatar da wasu ƙalubale. Misali, chirality na α-carbon a cikin rukunin carboxyl cikin sauƙi yana haifar da tseren tsere a ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic ko alkaline, yana sa yana da wahala a sami babban-tsarki-tsarki EGT. Bugu da ƙari kuma, albarkatun da ake buƙata don haɗin sinadarai suna da tsada, kayan farawa 2-mercaptoimidazole yana da wuyar shiryawa, kuma bayan sarrafa samfurin yana da kalubale. Don haka, masu bincike suna buƙatar haɓakawa da haɓaka hanyoyin haɗin sinadarai don biyan buƙatun samar da manyan masana'antu.

Kwayoyin fermentation: Samun EGT ta hanyar biosynthesis yana da fa'idodi kamar kayan albarkatun da ake samuwa da sauƙi da ƙarancin farashi, kuma ya zama babbar hanyar shirye-shiryen EGT a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cikin yanayi, EGT yana wanzu ta hanyoyi guda biyu: biosynthesis na aerobic da biosynthesis anaerobic.

Aerobic Biosynthesis na EGT

Yawancin karatu sun bayyana tsarin biosynthetic na EGT. Ainihin, hanyar biosynthetic na aerobic na EGT ana iya raba shi zuwa hanyoyin kwayan cuta da na fungal. Seebeck et al. ya bayyana kuma ya sake gina hanyar biosynthetic aerobic na EGT in vitro a cikin Mycobacterium smegmatis, gano kwayoyin halitta guda biyar da ke cikin hanyar: EgtA, EgtB, EgtC, EgtD, da EgtE. Wadannan kwayoyin sun hada da glutamylcysteine ​​​​synthase (EgtA), Fe2 + -dependent oxidase (EgtB), gamma-glutamyl transferase (EgtC), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) - dogara histidine methyltransferase (EgtD), da kuma pyridoxal phosphate-dependent C-S lyase (Egtly). A cikin wannan tsari, EgtA yana haɓaka haɓakar glutamate da cysteine ​​​​don samar da γ-glutamylcysteine ​​​​; EgtB yana haɓaka haɗin gwiwar oxidative a gaban oxygen da ferrous sulfate, yana ƙara ƙungiyar thiol daga γ-glutamylcysteine ​​​​zuwa sassan sassan histidine betaine (wanda aka haɗa daga histidine da SAM wanda EgtD ke haɓakawa); EgtC sa'an nan catalyzes kara samuwar histidine betaine cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide; a ƙarshe, EgtE yana haɓaka kawar da pyruvate da ammonia don samar da EGT.

A cikin hanyar biosynthetic na fungal, EGT galibi ya ƙunshi kwayoyin halittar synthase guda biyu, Egt1 da Egt2. Bello et al. An gano takamaiman synthase, NcEgt1, a cikin * Neurospora crassa *, wanda ya ƙunshi yankuna kama da waɗanda ke cikin * Mycobacterium smegmatis *'s EgtB da EgtD. Egt1 yana shiga cikin wani mataki na catalytic mataki biyu: na farko, yana haifar da jujjuyawar histidine zuwa betaine na histidine, sannan yana haɓaka haɗuwa da betaine na histidine da cysteine ​​don samar da histidine betaine cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide. Mai kama da EgtE, Egt2 yana haɓaka samuwar EGT daga histidine, betaine, da cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi, saboda kawai enzymes guda biyu suna da hannu, hanyar biosynthetic na EGT a cikin fungi ya fi sauƙi fiye da na kwayoyin cuta.

Anaerobic Biosynthesis na EGT

An ba da rahoton wani biosynthesis na anaerobic na EGT a cikin kwayar cutar laka ta anaerobic (Chlorobium limicola), inda EGT biosynthesis ke cika ta hanyar amsa ta mataki biyu mai zaman kanta ba tare da iskar oxygen ba. Burn et al. gano methyltransferase (EanA) da sulfotransferase (EanB) a cikin wannan kwayar cutar laka ta anaerobic. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi, EanA yana haɓaka jujjuyawar histidine zuwa betaine na histidine, sannan EanB, ƙarƙashin yanayin anaerobic, yana tura zarra sulfur zuwa zoben imidazole na betaine na histidine don samar da EGT. Kodayake hanyar biosynthesis na anaerobic ya fi sauƙi, ƙimar kuzarin EanA da EanB sun yi ƙasa da na EgtD da EgtB a cikin hanyar biosynthesis na aerobic. Saboda haka, hanyar biosynthesis na aerobic ya kasance mafi girman yanayin EGT biosynthesis.

Abubuwan da ake bukata

Ergothioneine yana da kaddarorin antioxidant masu ƙarfi da rigakafin tsufa, kuma yana da fa'idodin aikace-aikace a cikin abinci, kayan kwalliya, abinci mai aiki, da masana'antar biopharmaceutical. Aiwatar da shi a fagen kyau da kula da fata ya shahara musamman, yana mai da shi muhimmin sashi a cikin samfuran rigakafin tsufa.

Babban fa'idodinsa sun haɗa da:

1. Antioxidant da Anti-tsufa: Ƙarfin antioxidant mai ƙarfi na Ergothioneine yana yaƙi da radicals kyauta, yana rage lalacewar oxidative ga ƙwayoyin fata, jinkirta tsufa na fata, kuma yana rage wrinkles da sagging.
2. Farin Ragewa da Rage Tabo: Yana hana samar da sinadarin melanin da sanyawa, yana inganta pigmentation da dullness, kuma yana haskaka sautin fata.
3. Anti-mai kumburi da kwantar da hankali: Yana rage kumburin fata, yadda ya kamata yana kawar da ja da ƙaiƙayi, yana ƙarfafa shingen kariya na fata, yana haɓaka juriya.
4. Danshi da Gyarawa: Yana inganta aikin shinge na fata yadda ya kamata, yana inganta yanayin fata, yana inganta gyarawa da sabunta fata mai lalacewa.
5. Kariyar hoto da Kariya daga Lalacewar UV: Hasken ultraviolet yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da tsufa na fata. Ergothioneine na iya rage lalacewar fata ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet, kare fata daga yin hoto, da ba da kariya ta rana mai inganci.

Takaita

Ergothioneine, tare da tsarin maganin antioxidant na musamman da aikace-aikace masu yawa, yana sake fasalin masana'antar rigakafin tsufa. Tare da ci gaba a cikin ilimin halitta na roba da kuma zurfin bincike na asibiti, yana iya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ake buƙata don jinkirta tsufa da inganta ingancin rayuwa. Ga masu amfani, zabar tsafta mai tsayi, samfuran ergothioneine da aka tsara ta kimiyance na iya zama mabuɗin yaƙi da tasirin lokaci.