Ergothioneine, ib tug maub nees nyob rau hauv lub anti-aging ntiaj teb no 

Ergothioneine (EGT) yog thawj zaug cais tawm ntawm ergot fungi los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Charles Tanret hauv xyoo 1909, yog li nws lub npe. Nws yog ib qho tshwm sim ntawm cov amino acid derivative dav dav hauv cov kab mob fungi, qee cov nroj tsuag, thiab tsiaj txhu. Hauv tib neeg noj zaub mov, nceb, nplej, thiab qee yam nqaij nruab deg yog nws qhov chaw tseem ceeb. Nrog rau kev tshawb fawb tob los ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, cov txiaj ntsig zoo kawg nkaus ntawm ergothioneine tau maj mam los txog.

Anti-aging txoj cai thiab mechanisms ntawm kev ua

Dual tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant

Direct scavenging ntawm cov dawb radicals: EGT tuaj yeem ua kom sai sai neutralize ntau hom reactive oxygen (ROS) thiab reactive nitrogen hom (RNS), suav nrog superoxide anion (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), thiab singlet oxygen (¹O₂). Qhov kev tshem tawm ncaj qha no tau raug tshawb xyuas tag nrho hauv kev sim hauv vitro.

Qhov zoo sib piv

Kev cai ntawm kev tiv thaiv antioxidant system: EGT txhawb nqa qhov kev qhia ntawm cov noob caj noob ces cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (xws li HO-1, NQO1, SOD, thiab CAT) los ntawm kev ua kom KEAP1-NRF2 teeb liab txoj hauv kev. Kev hloov pauv nuclear ntawm NRF2 yog tswj hwm los ntawm PI3K / AKT thiab PKC kev taw qhia txoj hauv kev, thiab EGT tuaj yeem txhawb kev tso tawm thiab hloov pauv nuclear ntawm NRF2 los ntawm kev hloov pauv thiol sensor ntawm KEAP1.

Lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv hauv Genome Stability

Txo DNA Kev puas tsuaj: EGT zoo inhibits ROS- thiab RNS-vim DNA puas tsuaj, tshwj xeeb hauv mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov hlwb tsis muaj EGT thauj khoom pom muaj ntau dua ntawm DNA puas.

Txhawb DNA Kho: EGT tsis tsuas yog absorbs ultraviolet (UV) hluav taws xob xwb tab sis kuj txhawb DNA kho tom qab UV irradiation, tiv thaiv cov tawv nqaij hlwb los ntawm photodamage.

Txoj cai ntawm Epigenetic Hloov Kho

Kev cuam tshuam rau Synthesis ntawm Methyl Donor SAM: EGT cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov muaj S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) los ntawm kev tswj hwm glutathione (GSH) qib, yog li tswj cov haujlwm ntawm DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) thiab histone methyltransferases (HMTs).

Ua kom muaj Iron Ion Homeostasis: EGT tuav cov hlau ion dawb hauv homeostasis los ntawm kev khawb ROS, yog li ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm demethylase (xws li TETs thiab JmjC).

Kev cuam tshuam nrog Sirtuin signaling txoj kev:

Upregulation ntawm SIRT1/SIRT6 qhia: EGT ncua endothelial cell senescence thiab induces necrotizing apoptosis nyob rau hauv cov kab mob khees xaws mis los ntawm upregulating cov kev qhia ntawm SIRT1 thiab SIRT6.

Tuav NAD⁺ qib: EGT txhim kho Sirtuin kev ua haujlwm los ntawm kev tswj hwm cellular redox xwm txheej thiab tswj NAD⁺ / NADH piv.

Kev npaj Method

Natural Extraction Method:

EGT muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntuj xws li edible fungi, ergot, cereals, thiab tsiaj cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov fungi noj tau muaj cov ntsiab lus EGT siab thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm EGT.

Txawm li cas los xij, EGT cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom ntuj yog feem ntau qis heev, xav tau ntau cov ntaub ntawv raw rau kev rho tawm, ua rau cov nqi rho tawm siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teeb meem xws li qib siab ntawm impurities thiab tshuaj residues nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv raw txwv kev lag luam daim ntawv thov ntawm cov khoom ntuj extraction txoj kev.

Tshuaj Synthesis Method: Traditional chemical synthesis of EGT siv histidine ua cov khoom pib, synthesizing EGT hauv cov kua dej los ntawm ntau cov kauj ruam suav nrog thiolation, thioprotection, methylation, thiab deprotection. Txoj kev no muaj ib txoj kev siv hluavtaws ntev thiab tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov kev tshawb fawb tau xyaum txoj kev biosynthetic los txhim kho cov tshuaj synthesis ntawm EGT. Piv txwv li, Erdelmeier et al. siv histidine betaine, cysteine, thiab mercaptopropionic acid ua cov khoom pib los ua ke EGT siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib lub lauj kaub yooj yim, zam kev qhia ntawm thioprotective pab pawg, ua kom luv luv ntawm txoj kev hluavtaws, thiab txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig.

Kev sib xyaw tshuaj lom neeg kuj tseem muaj qee qhov nyuaj. Piv txwv li, chirality ntawm α-carbon nyob rau hauv pawg carboxyl yooj yim ua rau racemization nyob rau hauv acidic los yog alkaline tej yam kev mob, ua rau nws nyuaj kom tau high-optical-purity EGT. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv raw uas yuav tsum tau ua rau cov tshuaj synthesis yog kim, cov khoom pib 2-mercaptoimidazole yog qhov nyuaj rau kev npaj, thiab tom qab ua tiav ntawm cov khoom kuj tseem nyuaj. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum ua kom zoo dua thiab txhim kho cov txheej txheem tshuaj synthesis kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev lag luam loj.

Microbial fermentation: Tau txais EGT los ntawm biosynthesis muaj qhov zoo xws li cov khoom siv raw thiab cov nqi qis, thiab tau dhau los ua txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev npaj EGT hauv xyoo tas los no. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, EGT tshwm sim los ntawm ob txoj hauv kev: aerobic biosynthesis thiab anaerobic biosynthesis.

Aerobic Biosynthesis ntawm EGT

Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia txog cov txheej txheem biosynthetic ntawm EGT. Yeej, txoj hauv kev aerobic biosynthetic ntawm EGT tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob fungal. Seebeck et al. elucidated thiab reconstructed lub aerobic biosynthetic txoj kev ntawm EGT nyob rau hauv vitro nyob rau hauv Mycobacterium smegmatis, txheeb xyuas tsib genes koom nyob rau hauv txoj kev: EgtA, EgtB, EgtC, EgtD, thiab EgtE. Cov noob no encode glutamylcysteine ​​synthase (EgtA), Fe2 +-dependent oxidase (EgtB), gamma-glutamyl transferase (EgtC), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent histidine methyltransferase (EgtD), thiab pyridoxaldependent phosphate. (EgtE), raws. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, EgtA catalyzes lub condensation ntawm glutamate thiab cysteine ​​​​los tsim γ-glutamylcysteine; EgtB catalyzes oxidative coupling nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen thiab ferrous sulfate, ntxiv ib pab pawg neeg thiol los ntawm γ-glutamylcysteine ​​​​rau sab saw ntawm histidine betaine (synthesized los ntawm histidine thiab SAM catalyzed los ntawm EgtD); EgtC ces catalyzes ntxiv tsim ntawm histidine betaine cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide; Thaum kawg, EgtE catalyzes tshem tawm pyruvate thiab ammonia los tsim EGT.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev fungal biosynthetic, EGT feem ntau koom nrog ob synthase noob, Egt1 thiab Egt2. Bello et al. txheeb xyuas cov synthase tshwj xeeb, NcEgt1, hauv * Neurospora crassa *, uas muaj cov npe zoo ib yam li cov hauv * Mycobacterium smegmatis*'s EgtB thiab EgtD. Egt1 koom nrog ob-kauj ruam catalytic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: ua ntej, nws catalyzes hloov ntawm histidine rau histidine betaine, thiab tom qab ntawd nws catalyzes kev sib xyaw ntawm histidine betaine thiab cysteine ​​​​los tsim histidine betaine cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide. Zoo ib yam li EgtE, Egt2 catalyzes tsim EGT los ntawm histidine, betaine, thiab cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide. Raws li pom hauv daim duab, vim tias tsuas yog ob lub enzymes koom nrog, txoj hauv kev biosynthetic ntawm EGT hauv cov kab mob yog yooj yim dua li cov kab mob.

Anaerobic Biosynthesis ntawm EGT

Ib qho anaerobic biosynthesis ntawm EGT tau tshaj tawm hauv cov kab mob anaerobic av nkos (Chlorobium limicola), qhov twg EGT biosynthesis ua tiav los ntawm ob-kauj ruam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj oxygen. Hlawv et al. txheeb xyuas methyltransferase (EanA) thiab sulfotransferase (EanB) hauv cov kab mob anaerobic av nkos. Raws li pom hauv daim duab, EanA catalyzes hloov ntawm histidine rau histidine betaine, thiab tom qab ntawd EanB, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej anaerobic, hloov cov sulfur atom mus rau lub nplhaib imidazole ntawm histidine betaine los tsim EGT. Txawm hais tias txoj kev anaerobic biosynthesis yog qhov yooj yim dua, cov catalytic tus nqi ntawm EanA thiab EanB yog qis dua cov EgtD thiab EgtB hauv txoj kev aerobic biosynthesis. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev aerobic biosynthesis tseem yog hom tseem ceeb ntawm EGT biosynthesis.

Daim ntawv thov kev cia siab

Ergothioneine muaj cov khoom muaj zog antioxidant thiab tiv thaiv kev laus, thiab muaj cov ntawv thov dav dav hauv cov khoom noj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, khoom noj khoom haus, thiab biopharmaceutical industries. Nws daim ntawv thov hauv kev zoo nkauj thiab kev tu tawv nqaij yog qhov tshwj xeeb, ua rau nws muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv kev laus.

Nws cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb suav nrog:

1. Antioxidant thiab Anti-aging: Ergothioneine lub zog antioxidant muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv dawb radicals, txo oxidative kev puas tsuaj rau daim tawv nqaij hlwb, ncua kev laus ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab txo wrinkles thiab sagging.
2. Whitening thiab Spot Reduction: Inhibits melanin ntau lawm thiab deposition, txhim kho pigmentation thiab dullness, thiab brightens ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
3. Anti-inflammatory thiab Soothing: Txo cov tawv nqaij o, zoo txo qhov liab thiab khaus, ntxiv dag zog rau daim tawv nqaij tiv thaiv, thiab txhim kho nws cov kev tiv thaiv.
4. Moisturizing thiab Kho: Txhim kho daim tawv nqaij ua haujlwm tsis zoo, txhim kho daim tawv nqaij hydration, thiab txhawb kev kho thiab rov tsim dua ntawm daim tawv nqaij puas.
5. Photoprotection thiab Tiv thaiv tiv thaiv UV puas tsuaj: UV hluav taws xob yog ib qho ntawm cov culprits tseem ceeb ntawm daim tawv nqaij laus. Ergothioneine tuaj yeem txo cov tawv nqaij puas tsuaj los ntawm hluav taws xob ultraviolet, tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij los ntawm kev yees duab, thiab muab kev tiv thaiv hnub ci zoo.

Cov ntsiab lus

Ergothioneine, nrog nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant tshwj xeeb thiab ntau yam kev siv, tab tom txhim kho kev lag luam tiv thaiv kev laus. Nrog kev ua tiav hauv cov khoom siv hluavtaws thiab cov kev tshawb fawb hauv qhov tob, nws yuav dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb rau ncua kev laus thiab txhim kho lub neej zoo. Rau cov neeg tau txais kev pab, xaiv cov khoom siv purity siab, kev tshawb fawb tsim cov khoom lag luam ergothioneine tuaj yeem yog tus yuam sij rau kev tawm tsam cov teebmeem ntawm lub sijhawm.