Ergothioneine, ịnyịnya gbara ọchịchịrị na ụwa mgbochi ịka nká 

Ergothioneine (EGT) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Charles Tanret kewapụrụ ya na ergot fungi na 1909, n'ihi ya aha ya. Ọ bụ ihe sitere n'okike nke amino acid na-ekesa na fungi, ụfọdụ osisi na anụmanụ. N'ihe oriri nke mmadụ, ero, ọka, na nri mmiri ụfọdụ bụ isi ihe na-esi na ya pụta. Site na nyocha miri emi nke sayensị ọgbara ọhụrụ, mmetụta dị ịrịba ama nke ergothioneine ejirila nke nta nke nta pụta ìhè.

Ụkpụrụ mgbochi ịka nká na usoro nke ime ihe

Mmetụta antioxidant abụọ

Nchọgharị ozugbo nke radicals efu: EGT nwere ike wepụ ngwa ngwa ụdị oxygen dị iche iche na-emeghachi omume (ROS) na ụdị nitrogen na-emeghachi omume (RNS), gụnyere superoxide anion (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), na oxygen singlet (¹O₂). Achọpụtala mmetụta mkpochapụ ozugbo na nnwale in vitro.

Uru atụnyere

Usoro nke usoro nchebe antioxidant: EGT na-akwalite okwu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa antioxidant (dị ka HO-1, NQO1, SOD, na CAT) site n'ịgbalite ụzọ akara KEAP1-NRF2. Ntugharị nuklia nke NRF2 na-achịkwa site na PI3K/AKT na PKC ụzọ mgbaàmà, na EGT nwere ike ịkwalite ntọhapụ na nsụgharị nuklia nke NRF2 site n'ịgbanwe ihe mmetụta thiol nke KEAP1.

Ọrụ nchekwa na Genome Stability

Mbelata mmebi DNA: EGT na-egbochi mmebi DNA nke ROS na RNS nke ọma, ọkachasị na mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Nnyocha egosiwo na mkpụrụ ndụ enweghị ndị na-ebu EGT na-egosipụta ọkwa dị elu nke mmebi DNA.

Ịkwalite Ndozi DNA: EGT abụghị naanị na-anakọta radieshon ultraviolet (UV) kamakwa ọ na-akwalite nrụzi DNA mgbe irradiation UV gasịrị, na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ akpụkpọ ahụ site na mmebi foto.

Iwu nke Mgbanwe Epigenetic

Na-emetụta Synthesis nke Methyl Donor SAM: EGT na-emetụta ọdịdị nke S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) site na ịhazi ọkwa glutathione (GSH), si otú ahụ na-achịkwa ọrụ DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) na histone methyltransferases (HMTs).

Idokwa Iron ion Homeostasis efu: EGT na-edobe iron ion homeostasis n'efu site n'ịkwado ROS, si otú a hụ na ọrụ demethylases (dị ka TETs na JmjC).

Mmekọrịta na ụzọ mgbama Sirtuin:

Nkwalite nke okwu SIRT1/SIRT6: EGT na-egbu oge senescence cell endothelial ma na-ebute apoptosis necrotizing na mkpụrụ ndụ cancer colorectal site na ịkwalite okwu SIRT1 na SIRT6.

Idokwa ọkwa NAD⁺: EGT na-akwalite ọrụ Sirtuin site n'ịhazi ọkwa redox cell yana idowe oke NAD⁺/NADH.

Nkwadebe Musoro

Ụzọ mmịpụta eke:

A na-ahụ EGT na ngwaahịa ndị dị ka fungi, ergot, cereals, na anụ ahụ anụmanụ. Ngwugwu oriri nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya EGT ma bụrụ isi iyi EGT dị mkpa.

Agbanyeghị, ọdịnaya EGT nke ngwaahịa ndị sitere n'okike na-adịkarị ala, na-achọ nnukwu akụrụngwa maka mmịpụta, na-ebute ọnụ ahịa mmịpụta dị elu. Ọzọkwa, okwu ndị dị ka ọkwa dị elu nke adịghị ọcha na ihe fọdụrụ n'ọgwụ ọgwụ na akụrụngwa na-egbochi ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ụzọ mmepụta eke.

Usoro njikọ kemịkalụ: Omenala chemical njikọ nke EGT na-eji histidine dị ka ihe mmalite, synthesizing EGT na aqueous ngwọta site multiple nzọụkwụ gụnyere thiolation, thioprotection, methylation, na deprotection. Usoro a nwere ogologo ụzọ sịntetik na mkpụrụ dị ala. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọmụmụ ihe ṅomiri ụzọ biosynthetic iji meziwanye njikọ kemịkalụ nke EGT. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Erdelmeier et al. jiri histidine betaine, cysteine, na mercaptopropionic acid dị ka mmalite ihe iji mepụta EGT site na iji mmeghachi omume otu ite dị mfe, na-ezere iwebata otu thioprotective, na-ebelata ụzọ sịntetik, na imezi mkpụrụ.

Ngwakọta kemịkalụ na-ewetakwa ụfọdụ ihe ịma aka. Dị ka ihe atụ, chirality nke α-carbon na carboxyl otu mfe na-eduga na racemization n'okpuru acidic ma ọ bụ alkaline ọnọdụ, na-eme ka o siri ike inweta elu-optical-ọcha EGT. Ọzọkwa, akụrụngwa achọrọ maka njikọ kemịkalụ dị oke ọnụ, ihe mmalite 2-mercaptoimidazole siri ike ịkwadebe, na nhazi nke ngwaahịa ahụ bụkwa ihe ịma aka. Ya mere, ndị na-eme nchọpụta kwesịrị ịkwalite na melite usoro njikọ nke kemịkalụ iji gboo mkpa nke nnukwu mmepụta mmepụta ihe.

Microbial gbaa ụka: Inweta EGT site biosynthesis nwere uru dị ka ngwa ngwa dị akụrụngwa na dịtụ ala na-eri, na aghọwo isi usoro maka EGT nkwadebe na-adịbeghị anya. Na okike, EGT dị site na ụzọ abụọ: biosynthesis aerobic na biosynthesis anaerobic.

Aerobic Biosynthesis nke EGT

Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ akọwawo usoro biosynthetic nke EGT. N'ụzọ bụ isi, ụzọ aerobic biosynthetic nke EGT nwere ike kewaa ụzọ nje na fungal. Seebeck et al. kọwapụtara ma wughachi ụzọ aerobic biosynthetic ụzọ nke EGT in vitro na Mycobacterium smegmatis, na-achọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ise na-etinye aka na ụzọ ahụ: EgtA, EgtB, EgtC, EgtD, na EgtE. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a na-edekọ glutamylcysteine ​​​​synthase (EgtA), Fe2 + -based oxidase (EgtB), gamma-glutamyl transferase (EgtC), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) -based histidine methyltransferase (EgtD), na pyridoxal phosphate-based C-S lyase (Egtly). N'ime usoro a, EgtA na-emepụta condensation nke glutamate na cysteine ​​​​iji mepụta γ-glutamylcysteine ​​​​; EgtB na-akwalite njikọ oxidative n'ihu oxygen na ferrous sulfate, na-agbakwunye otu thiol sitere na γ-glutamylcysteine ​​​​na n'akụkụ akụkụ nke histidine betaine (nke sitere na histidine na SAM nke EgtD na-emepụta); EgtC na-emeziwanye nguzobe nke histidine betaine cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide; N'ikpeazụ, EgtE na-eme ka mwepụ nke pyruvate na amonia na-emepụta EGT.

N'ime ụzọ biosynthetic fungal, EGT gụnyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa synthase abụọ, Egt1 na Egt2. Bello et al. choputara otu synthase, NcEgt1, na * Neurospora crassa *, nke nwere ngalaba yiri nke * Mycobacterium smegmatis *'s EgtB na EgtD. Egt1 na-ekere òkè na mmeghachi omume catalytic nzọụkwụ abụọ: nke mbụ, ọ na-eme ka ntụgharị nke histidine gaa na histidine betaine, mgbe ahụ ọ na-eme ka nchikota nke histidine betaine na cysteine ​​​​mepụta histidine betaine cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide. Dị ka EgtE, Egt2 na-akwalite nhazi nke EGT site na histidine, betaine, na cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide. Dị ka egosiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ a, n'ihi na ọ bụ nanị enzymes abụọ na-etinye aka, ụzọ biosynthetic nke EGT na fungi dị mfe karịa nke nje bacteria.

Anaerobic Biosynthesis nke EGT

A kọwapụtala biosynthesis anaerobic nke EGT na nje bacteria anaerobic mud (Chlorobium limicola), ebe EGT biosynthesis na-arụzu site na mmeghachi omume nzọụkwụ abụọ na-adabereghị na oxygen. Ọkụ et al. achọpụtara methyltransferase (EanA) na sulfotransferase (EanB) n'ime nje a na-akpọ apịtị anaerobic. Dị ka egosiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ a, EanA na-eme ka ntụgharị nke histidine bụrụ histidine betaine, mgbe ahụ EanB, n'okpuru ọnọdụ anaerobic, na-ebufe atom sọlfọ na mgbanaka imidazole nke histidine betaine iji mepụta EGT. Ọ bụ ezie na ụzọ biosynthesis anaerobic dị mfe, ọnụego catalytic nke EanA na EanB dị ala karịa nke EgtD na EgtB n'okporo ụzọ biosynthesis nke ikuku. Ya mere, aerobic biosynthesis ụzọ na-anọgide na-achị mode nke EGT biosynthesis.

Atụmanya ngwa

Ergothioneine nwere ikike antioxidant na mgbochi ịka nká, ma nwee atụmanya ngwa sara mbara na nri, ihe ịchọ mma, nri na-arụ ọrụ, na ụlọ ọrụ biopharmaceutical. Ngwa ya na ebe mara mma na nlekọta anụ ahụ bụ nke a ma ama, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị mkpa na ngwaahịa mgbochi ịka nká.

Isi uru ya gụnyere:

1. Antioxidant na mgbochi ịka nká: Ike antioxidant siri ike nke Ergothioneine na-alụso radicals n'efu ọgụ, na-ebelata mmebi oxidative nke mkpụrụ ndụ akpụkpọ ahụ, na-egbu oge ịka nká, na-ebelata wrinkles na sagging.
2. Ịcha ọcha na mbelata ntụpọ: na-egbochi mmepụta na ntinye nke melanin, na-eme ka pigmenti na-esi ísì ụtọ, na-eme ka ụda akpụkpọ ahụ dịkwuo mma.
3. Mgbochi mkpali na obi iru ala: na-ebelata mbufụt anụ ahụ, na-ebelata ọbara ọbara na itching nke ọma, na-ewusi ihe mgbochi nchebe akpụkpọ ahụ ike, na-eme ka nguzogide ya dịkwuo elu.
4. Moisturizing na Ndozi: Na-eme ka ọrụ mgbochi akpụkpọ ahụ dịkwuo mma, na-eme ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ dịkwuo mma, na-akwalite mmezi na imeghachi akpụkpọ ahụ mebiri emebi.
5. Nchedo foto na Nchedo megide mmebi UV: Ultraviolet radieshon bụ otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara ịka nká akpụkpọ ahụ. Ergothioneine nwere ike ibelata mmebi akpụkpọ ahụ nke radieshon ultraviolet kpatara, chebe akpụkpọ ahụ pụọ na fotoaging, ma nye nchebe anyanwụ dị irè.

Nchịkọta

Ergothioneine, nke nwere usoro antioxidant pụrụ iche na ngwa dị iche iche, na-emezigharị ụlọ ọrụ mgbochi ịka nká. Site na ọganiihu na bayoloji sịntetik na nyocha nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ miri emi, ọ nwere ike bụrụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi maka igbu oge ịka nká na ịkwalite ogo ndụ. Maka ndị na-azụ ahịa, ịhọrọ ịdị ọcha dị elu, ngwaahịa ergothioneine emebere nke sayensị nwere ike ịbụ isi ihe iji lụso mmetụta nke oge ọgụ.