Ergothioneine, ifarashi yijimye mwisi irwanya gusaza 

Ergothioneine (EGT) yatandukanijwe bwa mbere na ergot fungi n'umuhanga Charles Tanret mu 1909, bityo izina ryayo. Nibisanzwe biboneka aside amine ikwirakwizwa cyane mubihumyo, ibimera bimwe na bimwe, ninyamaswa. Mu ndyo yumuntu, ibihumyo, ibinyampeke, nibiryo bimwe na bimwe byo mu nyanja nisoko nyamukuru. Hamwe n'ubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwakozwe na siyansi igezweho, ingaruka zidasanzwe za ergothioneine zagiye zimenyekana buhoro buhoro.

Amahame yo kurwanya gusaza hamwe nuburyo bwibikorwa

Ingaruka ebyiri za antioxydeant

Gucukumbura mu buryo butaziguye radicals yubuntu: EGT irashobora kwangiza vuba amoko atandukanye ya ogisijeni (ROS) nubwoko bwa azote ikora (RNS), harimo anion ya superoxide (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydroxyl radicals (· OH), na ogisijeni imwe (¹O₂). Izi ngaruka zogusuzumwa zaragenzuwe neza mubushakashatsi bwa vitro.

Ibyiza byo kugereranya

Amabwiriza ya sisitemu yo kwirinda antioxydeant: EGT igenga imvugo ya antioxydants yo hepfo (nka HO-1, NQO1, SOD, na CAT) mugukoresha inzira yerekana KEAP1-NRF2. Guhindura ibisasu bya kirimbuzi NRF2 bigengwa n'inzira zerekana ibimenyetso bya PI3K / AKT na PKC, kandi EGT irashobora guteza imbere irekurwa no guhinduranya kirimbuzi NRF2 ihindura sensor ya thiol ya KEAP1.

Uruhare rwo Kurinda muri Genome Ihamye

Kugabanya ibyangiritse kuri ADN: EGT ibuza neza kwangirika kwa ADN ya ROS- na RNS, cyane cyane muri ADN ya mitochondial (mtDNA). Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko selile zidafite abatwara EGT zigaragaza urwego rwinshi rwa ADN yangiritse.

Guteza imbere gusana ADN: EGT ntabwo ikurura imirasire ya ultraviolet (UV) gusa ahubwo inateza imbere gusana ADN nyuma yo kurasa kwa UV, kurinda ingirabuzimafatizo zuruhu gufotora.

Amabwiriza yo Guhindura Epigenetike

Ingaruka kuri Synthesis yumuterankunga wa Methyl SAM: EGT igira uruhare rutaziguye kuboneka kwa S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) igenga urwego glutathione (GSH), bityo igenga imikorere ya methyltransferase ya ADN (DNMTs) na methyltransferase (HMTs).

Kubungabunga ibyuma byubusa Ion Homeostasis: EGT ikomeza ibyuma byubusa ion homeostasis yubusa ROS, bityo igakora ibikorwa bya demethylase (nka TETs na JmjC).

Imikoranire hamwe na Sirtuin yerekana inzira:

Kugenzura imvugo ya SIRT1 / SIRT6: EGT idindiza senescence ya endothelia selile kandi itera apoptose ya nekrotizing apoptose mungirangingo ya kanseri yibara muguhuza imvugo ya SIRT1 na SIRT6.

Kugumana urwego rwa NAD⁺: EGT itezimbere ibikorwa bya Sirtuin muguhindura selile redox selile no gukomeza igipimo cya NAD⁺ / NADH.

Kwitegura Method

Uburyo bwo Kuvoma Kamere:

EGT iboneka mubicuruzwa bisanzwe nka fungi ziribwa, ergot, ibinyampeke, hamwe ninyama zinyamaswa. Ibihumyo biribwa bifite EGT nyinshi kandi ni isoko yingenzi ya EGT.

Nyamara, ibikubiye muri EGT byibicuruzwa bisanzwe ni bike cyane, bisaba ibikoresho byinshi byibanze byo kubikuramo, bikavamo amafaranga menshi yo kuvoma. Byongeye kandi, ibibazo nkurwego rwo hejuru rwumwanda hamwe nibisigazwa byibiyobyabwenge mubikoresho fatizo bigabanya ikoreshwa ryinganda muburyo bwo kuvoma ibicuruzwa bisanzwe.

Uburyo bwo guhuza imiti. Ubu buryo bufite inzira ndende ya sintetike n'umusaruro muke. Mu myaka yashize, ubushakashatsi bwiganye inzira ya biosintetike kugirango tunonosore imiti ya EGT. Kurugero, Erdelmeier n'abandi. yakoresheje histidine betaine, cysteine, na acide ya mercaptopropionic nkibikoresho byo gutangira guhuza EGT ukoresheje uburyo bworoshye bwinkono imwe, wirinda kwinjiza amatsinda ya thioprotective, kugabanya inzira ya syntetique, no kuzamura umusaruro.

Synthesis ya chimique nayo igaragaza ibibazo bimwe. Kurugero, chirality ya α-karubone mumatsinda ya carboxyl biganisha byoroshye kuvangura amoko mubihe bya acide cyangwa alkaline, bigatuma bigorana kubona optique-optique-yera EGT. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho fatizo bisabwa muri synthesis ya chimique bihenze, ibikoresho byo gutangira 2-mercaptoimidazole biragoye kubitegura, kandi nyuma yo gutunganya ibicuruzwa nabyo biragoye. Kubwibyo, abashakashatsi bakeneye kunoza no kunoza uburyo bwo guhuza imiti kugirango bakemure ibikenerwa n’inganda nini.

Microbial fermentation: Kubona EGT binyuze muri biosynthesis bifite ibyiza nkibikoresho biboneka byoroshye kandi bihenze ugereranije, kandi byabaye uburyo nyamukuru bwo gutegura EGT mumyaka yashize. Muri kamere, EGT ibaho binyuze munzira ebyiri: biosynthesis ya aerobic na biosynthesis ya anaerobic.

Aerobic Biosynthesis ya EGT

Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwasobanuye inzira ya biosynetike ya EGT. Ahanini, inzira ya biosynetike yo mu kirere ya EGT irashobora kugabanywamo inzira ya bagiteri na fungal. Seebeck n'abandi. yasobanuye kandi yubaka inzira ya aerobic biosynthetic ya EGT muri vitro muri Mycobacterium smegmatis, igaragaza genes eshanu zigira uruhare munzira: EgtA, EgtB, EgtC, EgtD, na EgtE. Izi gen zigizwe na synthase glutamylcysteine ​​(EgtA), Fe2 + -guterwa na okiside (EgtB), transfert ya gamma-glutamyl (EgtC), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) -bishingiye kuri histidine methyltransferase (EgtD), na pyridoxal fosifate. Muri ubu buryo, EgtA itera ubukana bwa glutamate na sisitemu kugirango bibyare γ-glutamylcysteine; EgtB itera guhuza okiside imbere ya ogisijeni na sulfate ferrous, ikongeramo itsinda rya thiol kuva γ-glutamylcysteine ​​kumurongo wuruhande rwa histidine betaine (ikomatanya kuva histidine na SAM yatangijwe na EgtD); EgtC noneho itanga ubundi buryo bwo gukora histidine betaine cysteine ​​sulfoxide; amaherezo, EgtE itera gukuraho pyruvate na ammonia kugirango bibyare EGT.

Mu nzira ya biosynthetic ya fungal, EGT ikubiyemo genes ebyiri za synthase, Egt1 na Egt2. Bello n'abandi. yerekanye synthase yihariye, NcEgt1, muri * Neurospora crassa *, ikubiyemo domaine zisa nizo muri * Mycobacterium smegmatis * 'EgtB na EgtD. Egt1 igira uruhare mubyiciro bibiri bya catalitiki reaction: icya mbere, itera ihinduka rya histidine na histidine betaine, hanyuma igahuza guhuza histidine betaine na sisitemu kugirango ikore histidine betaine cysteine ​​sulfoxide. Kimwe na EgtE, Egt2 itera ishingwa rya EGT kuva histidine, betaine, na sulfoxide ya sisitemu. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo, kubera ko imisemburo ibiri yonyine irimo, inzira ya biosynetike yinzira ya EGT mu bihumyo iroroshye cyane kuruta iyo muri bagiteri.

Anaerobic Biosynthesis ya EGT

Anaerobic biosynthesis ya EGT yavuzwe muri bacterium ya anaerobic mud (Chlorobium limicola), aho biosynthesis ya EGT ikorwa hifashishijwe intambwe ebyiri zidashingiye kuri ogisijeni. Gutwika n'abandi. yamenyekanye methyltransferase (EanA) na sulfotransferase (EanB) muri iyi bagiteri ya anaerobic mud. Nkuko bigaragara kuri iki gishushanyo, EanA itera ihinduka rya histidine kuri betaine ya histidine, hanyuma EanB, mugihe cya anaerobic, yimurira atome ya sulfure kumpeta ya imidazole ya histidine betaine kugirango itange EGT. Nubwo inzira ya anaerobic biosynthesis inzira yoroshye, igipimo cya catalitiki ya EanA na EanB kiri hasi cyane ugereranije na EgtD na EgtB munzira ya biosynthesis ya aerobic. Kubwibyo, inzira ya aerobic biosynthesis inzira ikomeza kuba uburyo bwiganje bwa EGT biosynthesis.

Icyifuzo cyo gusaba

Ergothioneine ifite antioxydants ikomeye kandi irwanya gusaza, kandi ifite amahirwe menshi yo gukoresha mubiribwa, kwisiga, ibiryo bikora, ninganda zikomoka ku binyabuzima. Gukoresha mubikorwa byubwiza no kwita ku ruhu biragaragara cyane, bituma biba ingirakamaro mubicuruzwa birwanya gusaza.

Inyungu zingenzi zirimo:

1. Antioxidant na Anti-gusaza: Ubushobozi bukomeye bwa antioxydeant ya Ergothioneine irwanya neza radicals yubuntu, igabanya kwangiza okiside yangiza ingirangingo zuruhu, itinda gusaza kwuruhu, kandi igabanya iminkanyari no kugabanuka.
2. Kugabanya umweru no kugabanya ibibanza: Kubuza umusaruro wa melanin no kubitsa, biteza imbere pigmentation kandi bituje, kandi bikamura uruhu.
3. Kurwanya inflammatory no Guhumuriza: Kugabanya uburibwe bwuruhu, kugabanya neza gutukura no kwishongora, gushimangira inzitizi yo kurinda uruhu, no kongera imbaraga zo kurwanya.
4. Kuvomera no gusana: Gutezimbere neza imikorere yinzitizi yuruhu, byongera uruhu rwuruhu, kandi bigatera gusana no kuvugurura uruhu rwangiritse.
5. Photoprotection no Kurinda Kwangirika kwa UV: Imirasire ya Ultraviolet nimwe mubitera gusaza uruhu. Ergothioneine irashobora kugabanya kwangirika kwuruhu rwatewe nimirasire ya ultraviolet, kurinda uruhu kwifotoza, no kurinda izuba neza.

Vuga muri make

Ergothioneine, hamwe nuburyo bwihariye bwa antioxydeant hamwe nuburyo bwinshi bukoreshwa, irimo kuvugurura inganda zirwanya ubusaza. Hamwe niterambere ryibinyabuzima byubushakashatsi hamwe nubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwubuvuzi, birashobora kuba kimwe mubintu byingenzi bigamije gutinda gusaza no kuzamura imibereho. Ku baguzi, guhitamo isuku ryinshi, byakozwe na siyanse ya ergothioneine ibicuruzwa bishobora kuba urufunguzo rwo kurwanya ingaruka zigihe.