Ergothioneine, bhiza rakasviba munyika inorwisa kukwegura 

Ergothioneine (EGT) yakatanga kuparadzaniswa kubva kune ergot fungi nemusayendisiti Charles Tanret muna 1909, nekudaro zita rayo. Iyo inongoitika yechisikigo amino acid inotorwa yakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya mufungi, zvimwe zvirimwa, uye mhuka. Mukudya kwevanhu, howa, zviyo, uye zvimwe zvekudya zvemugungwa ndizvo zvinobva zvanyanya. Nekutsvagisa kwakadzama nesainzi yemazuva ano, mhedzisiro inoshamisa yeergothioneine yave kubuda pachena.

Anti-kuchembera nheyo uye nzira dzekuita

Dual antioxidant mhedzisiro

Kuchera kwakananga kwemahara radicals: EGT inogona kukurumidza kudzikamisa akasiyana reactive oxygen marudzi (ROS) uye reactive nitrogen marudzi (RNS), kusanganisira superoxide anion (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), uye singlet oxygen (¹O₂). Iyi yakananga yekutsvaira mhedzisiro yakasimbiswa zvizere mu in vitro kuyedza.

Kuenzanisa zvakanakira

Kudzora kweiyo antioxidant kudzivirira system: EGT inosimudza kutaura kweiyo yakadzika antioxidant genes (senge HO-1, NQO1, SOD, uye CAT) nekuita iyo KEAP1-NRF2 yekusaina nzira. Kufambiswa kwenyukireya kweNRF2 kunotungamirirwa nePI3K / AKT uye PKC nzira dzechiratidzo, uye EGT inogona kukurudzira kusunungurwa uye kuendeswa kwenyukireya kweNRF2 nekugadzirisa thiol sensor ye KEAP1.

Dziviriro Basa muGenome Kugadzikana

Kuderedza Kukuvara kweDNA: EGT inonyatso kuvharira ROS- uye RNS-induced DNA kukuvara, kunyanya mumitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti maseru anoshaya EGT vatakuri anoratidza mazinga epamusoro ekukuvadzwa kweDNA.

Kusimudzira Kugadziriswa kweDNA: EGT haingotora ultraviolet (UV) mwaranzi asiwo inosimudzira DNA kugadzirisa mushure meUV irradiation, kudzivirira masero eganda kubva pakuparara.

Mutemo weEpigenetic Modifications

Inobata Synthesis yeMethyl Donor SAM: EGT inokanganisa zvisina kunanga kuwanikwa kweS-adenosylmethionine (SAM) nekugadzirisa mazinga e glutathione (GSH), nokudaro achigadzirisa basa reDNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) uye histone methyltransferases (HMTs).

Kuchengeta Yemahara Iron Ion Homeostasis: EGT inochengetedza yemahara iron ion homeostasis nekutsvaira ROS, nekudaro kuve nechokwadi chekuita kwedemethylases (senge TETs uye JmjC).

Kudyidzana neSirtuin siginecha nzira:

Kukwidziridzwa kweSIRT1 / SIRT6 kutaura: EGT inononoka endothelial cell senescence uye induces necrotizing apoptosis mu colorectal cancer maseru nekusimudzira kutaura kweSIRT1 uye SIRT6.

Kuchengeta NAD⁺ mazinga: EGT inosimudzira Sirtuin chiitiko nekudzora cellular redox chimiro uye kuchengetedza iyo NAD⁺/NADH chiyero.

Kugadzirira Method

Natural Extract Method:

EGT inowanikwa muzvigadzirwa zvechisikigo senge fungi inodyiwa, ergot, zviyo, uye mhuka mhuka. Fungi dzinodyiwa dzine yakakwira EGT yemukati uye yakakosha sosi yeEGT.

Nekudaro, iyo EGT yemukati yezvigadzirwa zvechisikigo kazhinji yakadzikira zvakanyanya, inoda huwandu hukuru hwezvigadzirwa zvekubvisa, zvichikonzera kukwira kwemitengo. Uyezve, nyaya dzakadai sehuwandu hwehutsvina hwepamusoro uye zvisaririra zvezvinodhaka muzvigadzirwa zvinodzikamisa kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri kwemaitiro echigadzirwa ekubvisa.

Chemical Synthesis Method: Chinyakare chemakemikari synthesis yeEGT inoshandisa histidine sechinhu chekutanga, synthesizing EGT mune aqueous mhinduro kuburikidza nematanho akawanda anosanganisira thiolation, thioprotection, methylation, uye deprotection. Iyi nzira ine nzira yakareba yekugadzira uye goho rakaderera. Mumakore achangopfuura, zvidzidzo zvakateedzera biosynthetic nzira dzekuvandudza kemikari synthesis yeEGT. Somuenzaniso, Erdelmeier et al. yakashandisa histidine betaine, cysteine, uye mercaptopropionic acid sezvinhu zvekutanga kugadzira EGT uchishandisa yakarerutswa-poto imwe maitiro, kudzivirira kuunzwa kwemapoka etioprotective, kupfupisa nzira yekugadzira, nekuvandudza goho.

Chemical synthesis zvakare inopa mamwe matambudziko. Semuyenzaniso, chirality yealpha-carbon muboka recarboxyl inotungamira zviri nyore mukumhanya pasi peacidic kana alkaline mamiriro, zvichiita kuti zviome kuwana yakakwira-optical-purity EGT. Uyezve, izvo zvigadzirwa zvinodikanwa pakugadzirwa kwemakemikari zvinodhura, yekutanga zvinhu 2-mercaptoimidazole inonetsa kugadzirira, uye kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa kunonetsa zvakare. Naizvozvo, vaongorori vanofanirwa kukwirisa nekuvandudza makemikari synthesis nzira kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvehukuru-hukuru hwekugadzira maindasitiri.

Microbial kuvirisa: Kuwana EGT kuburikidza ne biosynthesis kune zvakanakira senge zviri nyore kuwanikwa mbishi zvinhu uye ine mutengo wakaderera, uye yave nzira huru yekugadzirira EGT mumakore achangopfuura. Muzvisikwa, EGT iripo kuburikidza nenzira mbiri: aerobic biosynthesis uye anaerobic biosynthesis.

Aerobic Biosynthesis yeEGT

Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakajekesa iyo biosynthetic maitiro eEGT. Chaizvoizvo, iyo aerobic biosynthetic nzira yeEGT inogona kukamurwa kuita mabhakitiriya uye fungal nzira. Seebeck et al. yakajekeswa nekuvakazve iyo aerobic biosynthetic nzira yeEGT in vitro muMycobacterium smegmatis, ichizivisa majini mashanu anobatanidzwa munzira: EgtA, EgtB, EgtC, EgtD, uye EgtE. Aya majini encode glutamylcysteine ​​​​synthase (EgtA), Fe2+-inotsamira oxidase (EgtB), gamma-glutamyl transferase (EgtC), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-inotsamira histidine methyltransferase (EgtD), uye pyridoxantgly-Esependent-Esependent-Esependent phosphate. Mukuita uku, EgtA inokonzeresa kukwidziridzwa kwe glutamate uye cysteine ​​​​kuburitsa γ-glutamylcysteine; EgtB inokonzeresa kubatanidza oxidative muhupo hweokisijeni uye ferrous sulfate, ichiwedzera boka retiol kubva kuγ-glutamylcysteine ​​​​kudivi reketani re histidine betaine (yakagadzirwa kubva ku histidine uye SAM yakagadziriswa neEgtD); EgtC inobva yakonzera kuenderera mberi kwekugadzirwa kwe histidine betaine cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide; pakupedzisira, EgtE inokonzeresa kubviswa kwepyruvate uye ammonia kugadzira EGT.

Muiyo fungal biosynthetic nzira, EGT inonyanya kusanganisira maviri synthase majini, Egt1 uye Egt2. Bello et al. yakaratidza imwe synthase, NcEgt1, mu *Neurospora crassa*, ine madomasi akafanana neaya ari mu *Mycobacterium smegmatis*'s EgtB neEgtD. Egt1 inotora chikamu mune maviri-nhanho catalytic reaction: chekutanga, inokonzeresa shanduko ye histidine kuita histidine betaine, uyezve inokonzeresa musanganiswa we histidine betaine uye cysteine ​​​​kuumba histidine betaine cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide. Zvakafanana neEgtE, Egt2 inokonzeresa kuumbwa kwe EGT kubva ku histidine, betaine, uye cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide. Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo, nekuti maviri chete ma enzymes anobatanidzwa, iyo biosynthetic nzira yeEGT mufungi iri nyore kupfuura iyo iri mubhakitiriya.

Anaerobic Biosynthesis yeEGT

An anaerobic biosynthesis yeEGT yakashumwa mune yakasimba anaerobic dhaka bhakitiriya (Chlorobium limicola), uko EGT biosynthesis inozadzikiswa kuburikidza nematanho maviri maitiro akazvimirira okisijeni. Kupisa et al. yakaratidza methyltransferase (EanA) uye sulfotransferase (EanB) mune iyi anaerobic dhaka bhakitiriya. Sezvinoratidzwa pamufananidzo, EanA inokonzeresa shanduko ye histidine kuita histidine betaine, uyezve EanB, pasi pemamiriro eanaerobic, inotamisa atomu resarufa kuenda kumidazole ring ye histidine betaine kugadzira EGT. Kunyange zvazvo nzira yeanaerobic biosynthesis iri nyore, miyero inokonzeresa yeEanA neEanB yakadzikira zvakanyanya pane iya yeEgtD neEgtB munzira yeaerobic biosynthesis. Naizvozvo, iyo aerobic biosynthesis nzira inoramba iri iyo inotonga maitiro eEGT biosynthesis.

Tarisiro yekushandisa

Ergothioneine ine yakasimba antioxidant uye anti-kuchembera zvivakwa, uye ine yakafara tarisiro yekushandisa mune chikafu, zvizorwa, zvinoshanda chikafu, uye biopharmaceutical maindasitiri. Kushandiswa kwaro mumunda werunako uye skincare kunonyanya kuzivikanwa, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chakakosha muzvigadzirwa zvinorwisa kuchembera.

Kubatsira kwayo kukuru kunosanganisira:

1. Antioxidant uye Anti-kuchembera: Ergothioneine's powerful antioxidant capacity inonyatso kurwisa mahara radicals, inoderedza kukuvadzwa kweoxidative kumasero eganda, inonotsa kuchembera kweganda, uye inoderedza makwinya uye kudonha.
2. Kuchena uye Kuderedza Spot: Inodzivisa kugadzirwa uye kuiswa kwe melanin, inovandudza pigmentation uye kusasimba, uye inopenya ganda.
3. Anti-inflammatory and Soothing: Inoderedza kuzvimba kweganda, inonyatso bvisa dzvuku uye kukwenya, inosimbisa chidziviriro cheganda, uye inowedzera kuramba kwayo.
4. Kunyorova uye Kugadzirisa: Zvinonyatso kuvandudza ganda rekuvhara basa, rinowedzera hydration yeganda, uye inosimudzira kugadzirisa uye kuvandudzwa kweganda rakakuvadzwa.
5. Photoprotection uye Dziviriro kubva kuUV Kukuvadzwa: Ultraviolet mwaranzi ndechimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekuchembera kweganda. Ergothioneine inogona kuderedza kukuvadzwa kweganda kunokonzerwa nemwaranzi ye ultraviolet, kudzivirira ganda kubva pamapikicha, uye kupa kuchengetedzwa kwezuva kunoshanda.

Pfupisa

Ergothioneine, ine yakasarudzika antioxidant mashandiro uye huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa, iri kugadziridza indasitiri yekurwisa kuchembera. Nekubudirira mukugadzira biology uye kutsvagisa kwekiriniki kwakadzama, inogona kuve imwe yezvakakosha zvekunonotsa kuchembera nekuvandudza hupenyu. Kune vatengi, kusarudza yakakwirira-kuchena, nesainzi yakagadzirwa ergothioneine zvigadzirwa zvingave kiyi yekurwisa mhedzisiro yenguva.