Ergothioneine, pere e lefifi lefatšeng le khahlanong le botsofali 

Ergothioneine (EGT) e qalile ho aroloa ho ergot fungus ke rasaense Charles Tanret ka 1909, ke ka hona e reheletsoeng. Ke ntho ea tlhaho e tsoang ho amino acid e ajoang haholo ho li-fungus, limela tse ling le liphoofolo. Lijong tsa batho, li-mushroom, lijo-thollo le lijo tse itseng tsa leoatleng ke mehloli ea eona e ka sehloohong. Ka lipatlisiso tse tebileng tsa saense ea morao-rao, liphello tse tsotehang tsa ergothioneine li 'nile tsa bonahala butle-butle.

Melao-motheo e khahlanong le botsofali le mekhoa ea ts'ebetso

Litlamorao tse peli tsa antioxidant

Ho qhekella ka kotloloho ho li-radicals tsa mahala: EGT e ka fokotsa ka potlako mefuta e fapaneng ea oksijene e sebetsang (ROS) le mefuta ea naetrojene e sebetsang (RNS), ho kenyeletsoa superoxide anion (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), le singlet oxygen (¹O₂). Phello ena e tobileng ea ho senya e netefalitsoe ka botlalo litekong tsa in vitro.

Melemo ea ho bapisa

Taolo ea sistimi ea ts'ireletso ea antioxidant: EGT e phahamisa polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse tlase tsa antioxidant (tse kang HO-1, NQO1, SOD, le CAT) ka ho kenya tšebetsong tsela ea pontšo ea KEAP1-NRF2. Phetoho ea nyutlelie ea NRF2 e laoloa ke PI3K / AKT le litsela tsa lipontšo tsa PKC, 'me EGT e ka khothalletsa ho lokolloa le phetoho ea nyutlelie ea NRF2 ka ho fetola thiol sensor ea KEAP1.

Karolo ea Tšireletso ho Genome Stability

Ho fokotsa Tšenyo ea DNA: EGT e thibela ka nepo tšenyo ea DNA e bakoang ke ROS- le RNS, haholo-holo ho DNA ea mitochondrial (mtDNA). Boithuto bo bonts'itse hore lisele tse haelloang ke lipalangoang tsa EGT li bonts'a maemo a holimo a tšenyo ea DNA.

Ho Khothalletsa Tokiso ea DNA: EGT ha e nke feela mahlaseli a ultraviolet (UV) empa e boetse e khothalletsa tokiso ea DNA ka mor'a mahlaseli a UV, e sireletsa lisele tsa letlalo ho senya.

Taolo ea Liphetoho tsa Epigenetic

E amang Synthesis of the Methyl Donor SAM: EGT e ama ka tsela e sa tobang ho fumaneha ha S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) ka ho laola maemo a glutathione (GSH), ka tsela eo e laola mosebetsi oa DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) le histone methyltransferases (HMTs).

Ho boloka Iron Ion Homeostasis ea Mahala: EGT e boloka tšepe ea ion homeostasis ea mahala ka ho senya ROS, ka hona e netefatsa ts'ebetso ea li-demethylases (tse kang TETs le JmjC).

Litšebelisano le tsela ea pontšo ea Sirtuin:

Keketseho ea polelo ea SIRT1 / SIRT6: EGT e liehisa endothelial cell senescence mme e etsa hore necrotizing apoptosis liseleng tsa mofetše oa colorectal ka ho laola polelo ea SIRT1 le SIRT6.

Ho boloka maemo a NAD⁺: EGT e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea Sirtuin ka ho laola boemo ba redox ea cellular le ho boloka tekanyo ea NAD⁺/NADH.

Tokisetso Method

Mokhoa oa ho Ema ka Tlhaho:

EGT e fumaneha lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho tse kang li-fungus tse jeoang, li-ergot, lijo-thollo le lisele tsa liphoofolo. Li-fungus tse jeoang li na le litaba tse ngata tsa EGT mme ke mohloli oa bohlokoa oa EGT.

Leha ho le joalo, litaba tsa EGT tsa lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho hangata li tlase haholo, li hloka lisebelisoa tse ngata tse tala bakeng sa ho ntšoa, e leng se bakang litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa ho ntšoa. Ho feta moo, litaba tse kang maemo a phahameng a litšila le masalla a lithethefatsi linthong tse tala li fokotsa tšebeliso ea indasteri ea mekhoa ea ho ntša lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho.

Mokhoa oa ho Kopanya Lik'hemik'hale: Setsi sa setso sa lik'hemik'hale tsa EGT se sebelisa histidine e le sesebelisoa sa ho qala, ho kopanya EGT ka tharollo ea metsi ka mehato e mengata e kenyelletsang thiolation, thioprotection, methylation le deprotection. Mokhoa ona o na le tsela e telele ea maiketsetso le chai e tlase. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, lithuto li etsisitse litsela tsa biosynthetic ho ntlafatsa motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale oa EGT. Ka mohlala, Erdelmeier et al. e sebelisitse histidine betaine, cysteine, le mercaptopropionic acid e le lisebelisoa tsa ho qala ho kopanya EGT ka karabelo e bonolo ea pitsa e le 'ngoe, ho qoba ho hlahisoa ha lihlopha tsa thioprotective, ho khutsufatsa tsela ea maiketsetso, le ho ntlafatsa chai.

Ho kopanya lik'hemik'hale le hona ho hlahisa mathata. Mohlala, bohlanya ba α-carbon sehlopheng sa carboxyl bo lebisa habonolo ho racemization tlasa maemo a asiti kapa a alkaline, ho etsa hore ho be thata ho fumana EGT e phahameng ea optical-purity. Ho feta moo, lisebelisoa tse tala tse hlokahalang bakeng sa motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale li theko e boima, thepa ea ho qala 2-mercaptoimidazole e thata ho e lokisa, 'me ka mor'a ts'ebetso ea sehlahisoa le eona ke phephetso. Ka hona, bafuputsi ba hloka ho ntlafatsa le ho ntlafatsa mekhoa ea ho kopanya lik'hemik'hale ho fihlela litlhoko tsa tlhahiso e kholo ea indasteri.

Ho belisoa ha likokoana-hloko: Ho fumana EGT ka biosynthesis ho na le melemo e kang lisebelisoa tse tala tse fumanehang habonolo le litšenyehelo tse tlase, 'me e se e le mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho lokisa EGT lilemong tsa morao tjena. Ka tlhaho, EGT e teng ka litsela tse peli: aerobic biosynthesis le anaerobic biosynthesis.

Aerobic Biosynthesis ea EGT

Lithuto tse ngata li hlakisitse ts'ebetso ea biosynthetic ea EGT. Ha e le hantle, tsela ea aerobic biosynthetic ea EGT e ka aroloa ka litsela tsa baktheria le fungal. Seebeck le al. e hlakisitse le ho aha bocha tsela ea aerobic biosynthetic ea EGT in vitro ho Mycobacterium smegmatis, ea supa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse hlano tse amehang tseleng: EgtA, EgtB, EgtC, EgtD, le EgtE. Liphatsa tsa lefutso tsena li kenyelletsa glutamylcysteine ​​​​synthase (EgtA), Fe2+ -e itšetlehileng ka oxidase (EgtB), gamma-glutamyl transferase (EgtC), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) -e itšetlehileng ka histidine methyltransferase (EgtD), le pyridoxantl-Esependent-Esependent phosphate. Ts'ebetsong ena, EgtA e etsa hore ho be le condensation ea glutamate le cysteine ​​​​ho hlahisa γ-glutamylcysteine; EgtB e thusa ho kopanya oxidative boteng ba oksijene le ferrous sulfate, ho eketsa sehlopha sa thiol ho tloha γ-glutamylcysteine ​​​​ho ea lehlakoreng la ketane ea histidine betaine (e entsoeng ho tloha histidine le SAM e entsoeng ke EgtD); EgtC e ntan'o susumetsa sebopeho se seng sa histidine betaine cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide; Qetellong, EgtE e thusa ho tlosoa ha pyruvate le ammonia ho hlahisa EGT.

Tseleng ea fungal biosynthetic, EGT e kenyelletsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse peli tsa synthase, Egt1 le Egt2. Bello et al. e hlwaya synthase e itseng, NcEgt1, ho *Neurospora crassa*, e nang le libaka tse tšoanang le tse ho *Mycobacterium smegmatis*'s EgtB le EgtD. Egt1 e nka karolo mehatong e 'meli e susumetsang: ea pele, e susumetsa phetoho ea histidine ho histidine betaine, ebe e kenya letsoho motsoako oa histidine betaine le cysteine ​​​​ho theha histidine betaine cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide. Joalo ka EgtE, Egt2 e thusa ho theha EGT ho tsoa ho histidine, betaine le cysteine ​​​​sulfoxide. Joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe setšoantšong, hobane ke li-enzyme tse peli feela tse amehang, tsela ea biosynthetic ea EGT ho li-fungus e bonolo haholo ho feta ea baktheria.

Anaerobic Biosynthesis ea EGT

Anaerobic biosynthesis ea EGT e tlalehiloe ka har'a baktheria ea seretse ea anaerobic (Chlorobium limicola), moo biosynthesis ea EGT e finyelloang ka karabelo ea mehato e 'meli ntle le oksijene. Chesa le ba bang. e tsebahalitse methyltransferase (EanA) le sulfotransferase (EanB) ka har'a baktheria ena ea seretse ea anaerobic. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong, EanA e susumetsa phetoho ea histidine ho histidine betaine, ebe EanB, tlas'a maemo a anaerobic, e fetisetsa athomo ea sebabole ho lesale la imidazole la histidine betaine ho hlahisa EGT. Le hoja tsela ea anaerobic biosynthesis e le bonolo, likhahla tse thusang tsa EanA le EanB li tlase haholo ho feta tsa EgtD le EgtB tseleng ea aerobic biosynthesis. Ka hona, tsela ea aerobic biosynthesis e lula e le mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa EGT biosynthesis.

Litebello tsa kopo

Ergothioneine e na le thepa e matla ea antioxidant le e thibelang botsofali, 'me e na le tebello e batsi ea ts'ebeliso ho indasteri ea lijo, litlolo, lijo tse sebetsang, le liindasteri tsa biopharmaceutical. Tšebeliso ea eona tšimong ea botle le letlalo e hlahelletse ka ho khetheha, e leng se etsang hore e be motsoako oa bohlokoa lihlahisoa tse thibelang botsofali.

Melemo ea eona e ka sehloohong e kenyelletsa:

1. Antioxidant le Anti-botsofali: Matla a matla a antioxidant a Ergothioneine a loantšana ka katleho le li-radicals tsa mahala, a fokotsa tšenyo ea oxidative liseleng tsa letlalo, e liehisa ho tsofala ha letlalo, 'me e fokotsa masoba le ho sisinyeha.
2. Ho soeufala le ho Fokotsa Matheba: Ho sitisa tlhahiso ea melanin le ho beoa, ho ntlafatsa mmala le ho ba lerootho, le ho khantša letlalo.
3. Anti-inflammatory and Soothing: E fokotsa ho ruruha ha letlalo, e kokobetsa bofubelu le ho hlohlona ka katleho, e matlafatsa tšireletso ea letlalo, 'me e matlafatsa ho hanyetsa ha lona.
4. Moisturizing le ho Lokisoa: E ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea mokoallo oa letlalo ka katleho, e ntlafatsa ho phalla ha letlalo, 'me e khothalletsa ho lokisa le ho nchafatsa letlalo le senyehileng.
5. Photoprotection le Tšireletso Khahlanong le Tšenyo ea UV: Mahlaseli a Ultraviolet ke e 'ngoe ea lisosa tse ka sehloohong tsa botsofali ba letlalo. Ergothioneine e ka fokotsa tšenyo ea letlalo e bakoang ke mahlaseli a kotsi a ultraviolet, ea sireletsa letlalo ho photoaging, le ho fana ka tšireletso e sebetsang ea letsatsi.

Akaretsa

Ergothioneine, ka mochine oa eona o ikhethang oa antioxidant le mefuta e mengata ea lisebelisoa, e tsosolosa indasteri e khahlanong le botsofali. Ka katleho e kholo ea baeloji ea maiketsetso le lipatlisiso tse tebileng tsa bongaka, e kanna ea fetoha e 'ngoe ea metsoako ea mantlha ea ho liehisa botsofali le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba bophelo. Bakeng sa bareki, ho khetha lihlahisoa tsa ergothioneine tse hloekileng, tse entsoeng ka saense e ka ba senotlolo sa ho loantša liphello tsa nako.